Reproductive cycle of the sea cucumber Holothuria forskali (Holothuriida: Holothuriidae) in the Ría de Vigo (NW of Spain) / Ciclo reproductivo del pepino de mar Holothuria forskali (Holothuriida: Holothuriidae) en la Ría de Vigo (NW de España)

Introduction: The exploitation of the sea cucumber (Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali) in Ría de Vigo (NW Spain) is recent (2015) and it has been done until now with scarce or no information about some key biological aspects as reproduction, recruitment or growth. Objective: To describe the reproductive cycle of H. forskali in Ría de Vigo. Methods: We sampled fortnightly throughout 2018. We calculated gonadal condition indices (GCI) and gametogenic stages by classic histological methods. Results: The reproductive cycle of H. forskali in the Ría de Vigo is characterized by a sexual resting stage during spring, when temperature and daylight hours are lower; the beginning of gametogenesis during summer, when temperature is higher, daylight hours longer and the sea bottom is rich in nutrients; then, a period of spawns interspersed with a gonadal restoration during autumn and winter, when temperature is lower and food is scarce. Sex ratio is 1:1, however, the studied population is not synchronized, because females initiate maturation earlier. The comparison of the histological results with GCI indices suggest that GCI is a good indicator for gonadal stage. Fishery management strategies, such as a closure period, must be adapted to the reproductive stage. We recommend avoiding fishing between November and February to increase spawning potential ratio and, consequently, recruitment.

Introducción: La explotación del pepino de mar (Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali) en la Ría de Vigo (NO España) es reciente (2015) y se ha llevado a cabo con poca o ninguna información sobre algunos aspectos biológicos claves como la reproducción, el reclutamiento o el crecimiento. Objetivo: Describir el ciclo reproductivo de H. forskali en un banco de la Ría de Vigo. Métodos: Se tomaron muestras quincenales durante el 2018. Se calcularon índices de condición gonadal (ICG) y se obtuvieron los estados gonadales siguiendo métodos histológicos clásicos. El estado gonadal de cada individuo se asignó de acuerdo con una escala modificada por otros autores, y en ella se describe un nuevo estado de recuperación gonadal, no descrito hasta ahora para esta especie. Resultados: El ciclo reproductivo de H. forskali se caracteriza por una etapa de reposo sexual en primavera, un inicio de la gametogénesis durante el verano y un período de puestas sucesivas intercaladas con recuperaciones gonadales durante el otoño e invierno. La proporción de sexos es 1:1 y la población estudiada no está sincronizada, las hembras inician la maduración antes. La comparación de los resultados histológicos con los índices ICG sugiere que este índice es un buen indicador del estado gonadal. El período de veda debe adaptarse a la etapa reproductiva, por lo que recomendamos evitar la extracción del recurso al menos entre noviembre y febrero para asegurar un mayor número de puestas y, en consecuencia, el reclutamiento.

Reproduction of the sea urchin Tripneustes depressus (Camarodonta: Toxopneustidae) in Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico / Reproducción del erizo de mar Tripneustes depressus (Camarodonta: Toxopneustidae) en Bahía de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México

Introduction: Sea urchin gonads (roe or uni) are considered a culinary delicacy worldwide. However, only a few species are considered edible and commercialized. The sea urchin Tripneustes depressus has generated the interest of producers in Baja California Sur, Mexico, due to the quality of its gonads. A biological basis for designing a management strategy is key to consider its commercial exploitation. Objective: To determine the reproductive season of T. depressus through description of the gonad stages and reproductive cycle, and to establish its relationship with environmental factors. Methods: We collected monthly samples (October 2016-September 2017), recording in-situ temperature and photoperiod. We evaluated a sample of 1 055 specimens for demographic characteristics, using total weight (g) and test diameter (cm). We also did a histological analysis of gonads from 178 individuals. Results: Average test diameter was 9.70 ± 0.03 cm (5-12.50 cm). Based on the proportion into the gonad of sexual (gametes) and somatic (nutritive phagocytes) cells, we propose five gonad stages (growing, premature, mature, spawning, and intergametic) for both sexes. There were two times of the year when gonads were heaviest and closely corresponded to the growing stage, coinciding with the highest proportions of nutritive phagocytes. Gonad development (growing and premature stages) peaks in the months with the longest daylight periods, with spawning in the shortest daylight periods. Conclusions: Gonad wet weight and adjusted gonad weight are good indicators of the reproductive season of T. depressus. The lowest gonad wet weights were matched the spawning peak in the shortest daylight period (January and March).

Introducción: Las gónadas de erizo de mar (huevas o uni) se consideran un manjar culinario en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, solo unas pocas especies se consideran comestibles y se comercializan. El erizo de mar Tripneustes depressus ha generado el interés de productores de Baja California Sur, México, por la calidad de sus gónadas. Una base biológica es clave para diseñar una estrategia de manejo para T. depressus para considerar su explotación comercial. Objetivo: Determinar la época reproductiva de T. depressus a través de la descripción de los estadios de las gónadas y del ciclo reproductivo, y establecer su relación con factores ambientales. Métodos: Recolectamos muestras mensuales (octubre de 2016 a septiembre de 2017), registrando in-situ la temperatura y el fotoperiodo. Evaluamos una muestra de 1055 especímenes para las características demográficas, utilizando el peso total (g) y el diámetro de testa (cm). También hicimos el análisis histológico de las gónadas de 178 individuos. Resultados: El diámetro de la testa promedio fue de 9.70 ± 0.03 cm (5-12.50 cm). Con base en la proporción en la gónada de células sexuales (gametos) y somáticas (fagocitos nutritivos), proponemos cinco estadios gonádicos (crecimiento, prematuro, maduro, desove e intergamético) para ambos sexos. Hubo dos épocas del año en que las gónadas eran más pesadas y se correspondían estrechamente con la etapa de crecimiento, coincidiendo con las proporciones más altas de fagocitos nutritivos. El desarrollo de las gónadas (etapas de crecimiento y prematuro) alcanza su punto máximo en los meses con los periodos de luz más largos, con desove en los periodos de luz más cortos. Conclusiones: El peso húmedo de las gónadas y el peso ajustado de las gónadas son buenos indicadores de la temporada reproductiva de T. depressus. Los pesos húmedos más bajos de las gónadas coincidieron con el pico de desove en el período con luz diurna más corto (enero y marzo).

Photoperiod in aquaculture of the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): Effects on gamete production and maturity / Fotoperiodo en la acuicultura del erizo de mar Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): El efecto en la producción y madurez de gametas

Introduction: Photoperiod is, together with temperature and food availability, one of the main stimuli in the regulation of gametogenesis in a wide variety of species. Objective: To evaluate the effect of photoperiod on the production of mature gametes in cultured Arbacia dufresnii. Methods: An experiment was carried out with three varying light-dark regimes/treatments: constant light (24 h light), neutral photoperiod (12 h light, 12 h darkness), and constant darkness (24 h darkness). Twenty females were used in each treatment. All were induced to spawn and, ten randomly selected females from each treatment were induced to spawn again after 30 days. After 60 days, spawning was induced in the remaining females. The gametes were collected in filtered seawater, fixed in Davidson solution, quantified and measured per individual in triplicate in a Sedgewick-Rafter chamber. To determine maturation, fertilization success was evaluated 30 minutes after fertilization. Results: Our results showed that in the aquaculture system, after only two months, mature gametes were obtained, and in the neutral light regime there were 10 times more gametes than the number produced in wild sea urchins during the spawning period in question. We also found that with a greater exposure to light, a lower number of mature gametes was produced. Conclusions: This study suggests the viability of the production of mature gametes in a short period of time as regards Arbacia dufresnii.

Introducción: El fotoperiodo es, junto con la temperatura y la disponibilidad de alimentos, uno de los principales estímulos para el desarrollo de la gametogénesis en una amplia variedad de especies. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del fotoperiodo en la producción de gametas maduras de Arbacia dufresnii en un sistema de recirculación cerrado para determinar el mejor fotoperiodo para una acuicultura novedosa, enfocada en la producción de gametas con alta concentración de pigmentos para usos biotecnológicos. Métodos: Se realizó un experimento con tres regímenes/tratamientos diferentes de luz y oscuridad: luz constante (luz durante 24 h), fotoperiodo neutro (12 h de luz, 12 h de oscuridad) y oscuridad constante (oscuridad durante 24 h). Se utilizaron veinte hembras en cada tratamiento. Se indujo a todas las hembras a desovar al comienzo del experimento. Después de 30 días, diez hembras seleccionadas al azar de cada tratamiento fueron inducidas a desovar nuevamente. Al final del experimento, después de 60 días, se indujo el desove a las hembras restantes en cada tratamiento. Las gametas se recolectaron en agua de mar filtrada, se fijaron en solución de Davidson, se cuantificaron y midieron por triplicado en una cámara Sedgewick-Rafter. Para determinar la maduración, se evaluó el éxito de la fecundación después de 30 minutos de fertilización, calculando el porcentaje de huevos fertilizados. Resultados: Nuestros resultados muestran que, en el sistema acuícola, en solo dos meses se obtuvieron gametas maduras y casi 10 veces más la cantidad producida por los erizos de mar en su ambiente natural usando el fotoperiodo neutro (12 h luz:12 h oscuridad). También encontramos que la mayor exposición a la luz produce la menor cantidad de gametas maduras. Conclusión: Este estudio sugiere la viabilidad de la producción de gametos maduros en un corto período de tiempo en Arbacia dufresnii.

El fin de la protección gonadal en radiografía de pelvis: una revisión / The end of gonadal protection in pelvic radiography: a review

Resumen: La protección gonadal ha sido durante largo tiempo un importante factor para abordar el requisito "tan bajo como sea razonablemente posible" ALARA. El presente artículo realiza una revisión sistemática sobre la utilidad de la protección gonadal en la radiografía de pelvis en la cual se han destacado los factores que tienen que ver con su realización diaria, es decir, la dosis de radiación involucrada, la radiosensibilidad de las gónadas, la posición del protector gonadal y el factor psicológico de la población en relación con su uso. La incorporación de equipamientos modernos, con dosis y protocolo optimizados, transforma el beneficio de la protección en un tema al menos debatible. Mientras algunos siguen respaldando la medida, otros organismos y autores ya no la respaldan. Es necesario reconsiderar prácticas actuales fundadas en consensos científicos que pueden estar obsoletos y considerar el factor de cambio cultural basados en estos nuevos consensos para su implementación, sin generar mayor preocupación en la población.

Abstract: Gonadal protection has long been an important factor in addressing the ALARA "as low as reasonably possible" requirement. This article performs a systematic review on the usefulness of gonadal protection in pelvic radiography, in which the factors that have to do with its daily performance have been highlighted, that is, radiation dose involved, the radiosensitivity of the gonads, the position of the gonadal shielding and the psychological factor of the population in relation to its use. The incorporation of modern equipment, with optimized dose and protocols, transforms the benefit of gonad shielding into an issue that is at least debatable. While some continue to support the measure, other agencies and authors no longer support it. It is necessary to reconsider current practices based on scientific consensus that may be obsolete and consider the factor of cultural change based on these new consensus for its implementation, without generating major concern in the population.

Reproductive biology of Parona signata (Actinopterygii: Carangidae), a valuable economic resource, in the coastal area of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

The reproductive biology and life cycle of Parona leatherjacket, Parona signata, present in Mar del Plata (38º 00'S 57º 33'W) coast, was studied. Samples were obtained monthly since January 2018 to February 2019 from the artisanal fishermen and the commercial fleet of Mar del Plata. A histological analysis was carried out and the main biologic-reproductive parameters were estimated: fecundity, oocyte frequency distribution and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Both the macroscopic and microscopic analyses showed reproductive activity in March and November. Mature females were recorded, which showed hydrated oocytes, as was evidenced by the histological procedures. Both, the histological and the oocyte diameter distribution analyses showed the presence of all oocyte maturation stages in ovaries in active-spawning subphase, indicating that P. signata is a multiple spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. Batch fecundity ranged between 36,426 and 126,035 hydrated oocytes/ female. Relative fecundity ranged between 42 and 150 oocytes/ g female ovary free.(AU)

Se estudió la biología reproductiva y el ciclo de vida de la palometa pintada, Parona signata en Mar del Plata (38°00'S 57°33'O). Las muestras fueron obtenidas mensualmente desde enero de 2018, hasta febrero de 2019, provenientes de la pesca artesanal y/o de la flota comercial de la localidad Mar del Plata. Además, se llevó a cabo un análisis histológico y se estimaron los principales parámetros reproductivos tales como: la fecundidad, análisis de la distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros ovocitarios e índice gonadosomático (GSI) mensual. Tanto el análisis macroscópico como el microscópico permitieron afirmar que en los meses de marzo y noviembre existe actividad reproductiva. Se encontraron hembras en puesta, las cuales presentaron ovocitos hidratados en los cortes histológicos. Ambos, los análisis histológicos y de distribución de la frecuencia de diámetros oocitarios mostraron la presencia de todas las fases de maduración oocitaria en ovarios correspondientes a la sub-fase de desove activo, indicando que P. signata es un desovante parcial con fecundidad anual indeterminada. La fecundidad parcial osciló entre 36.426 y 126.035 oocitos hidratados/hembra. La fecundidad relativa varió entre 42 y 150 ovocitos por gramo de hembra libre de ovario.(AU)

Ovarian teratomas: clinicopathological study at tertiary care center

Background: Teratomas are belonging to a group of germ cell tumors. It is also referred to as dermoid cyst. Teratomas are most common germ cell tumor of the ovary. Teratomas are composed of various histological types. In this article we are presenting various morphological patterns, its clinical manifestation and its clinical significance.Methods: This is prospective study for a period of 3 years from March 2016 to February 2019 at tertiary care hospital. It consists of total evaluation of 82 cases of ovarian lesions which were surgically excised for clinically or radiologically suspected of ovarian neoplasm.Results: A total of 82 cases of ovarian specimen were included out of which 18 cases were of ovarian teratoma. In these 17 cases were benign teratomas, 1 case of immature teratoma. All the cases of mature teratoma were predominantly of cystic type with focal solid areas. Right sided ovary was involved in44.5% cases while left sided in 55.5% cases. The tumor size ranges from 2.5 cm to 20.8 cms. The age range in this study was from 20 to 60 year. The common age observed for ovarian teratoma was in group of 31-40 years, having 6 cases. The clinically most of cases were asymptomatic or presented with unexplained abdominal pain or palpable mass. USG finding in most of cases were diffuse or partial echogenic mass lesion with cystic nature and echogenic bands.Conclusions: In our study showed mature cystic teratoma is the most common type of ovarian teratomas. The immature and monodermal types are rare. The histopathological examination plays important role in final diagnosis   and patient management.

Ultraestructura del ovocito maduro y en reabsorción de Spondylus limbatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1847 (= S. calcifer ) (Bivalvia: Spondylidae) / Ultrastructure of the mature and in resorption oocytes of Spondylus limbatus G. B. Sowerby II, 1847 (= S. calcifer ) (Bivalvia: Spondylidae)

Spondylus limbatus es una especie bajo protección especial en México, de la que existe poca información biológica y nada sobre estudios histológicos o de ultraestructura del ovario. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la morfología ultraestructural de los gametos femeninos maduros y en degeneración. La gónada femenina de S. limbatus en estado de madurez presentó ovocitos postvitelogénicos de 60-70 µm de diámetro, que presentan el aspecto característico de células metabólicamente activas y altamente sintetizadoras. La membrana citoplasmática posee especializaciones destinadas a aumentar la superficie de absorción de la célula, las microvellosidades; el citoplasma presenta numerosos sistemas membranosos relacionados con la síntesis de material de reserva y secreción; y el patrón de organización nuclear altamente lobulado, y por consiguiente con una gran superficie que asegura el intercambio núcleo-citoplasma, se incorpora de forma estructural al proceso de vitelogénesis. Finalmente, se describen los cambios ultraestructurales resultantes de la lisis de los ovocitos: colapso de las membranas nuclear y citoplásmica, y presencia de células hemocíticas macrófagas.

Spondylus limbatus is a species under special protection in Mexico, of which there is little or no information in the literature of biological, histological or ultrastructural studies of the ovary. The objective of this research was to characterize the ultrastructural morphology of mature and degenerating female gametes. The female gonad of S. limbatus in mature state presented post-vitellogenic oocytes 60-70 µm in diameter, which have characteristics of metabolically active and highly synthesizing cells. The cytoplasmic membrane has specializations designed to increase the absorption surface of the cell, the microvilli; the cytoplasm presents numerous membranous systems related to synthesis of reserve and secretion material as well as the highly lobed nuclear organization pattern; a large surface that ensures core-cytoplasm exchange, is structurally incorporated into the vitellogenesis process. Finally, ultrastructural changes resulting from the lysis of the oocytes are described: collapse of nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes, and the presence of macrophage hemocytic cells.

Advances in the study of the murine hematopoiesis during the early stage of embryogenesis / 解剖学报

The development of the murine embryonic hematopoietic system occurs in spatially and temporally distinct waves, which it is described as three waves so far-primitive hematopoiesis, bipotential erythroid-myeloid progenitors (EMPs) generation and long-lived transplantable hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maturation from their precursors and differentiation toward all the adult lineages. The latest point is that HSC-independent hematopoietic lineages are produced in the primitive wave and definitive progenitor wave in the early mammalian embryo, such as primitive erythrocytes or EMPs. The HSC-dependent phase of hematopoietic development produces all the adult lineages derived from HSCs. In this review, the recent studies on the development of hematopoietic cells and HSCs in the yolk sac and aorta-gonad-mesonephron region (AGM) region at cellular and molecular level will be summarized to provide an integrated model of developmental hematopoiesis, although multiple hematopoietic sites are involved in embryonic hematopoiesis. It may offer new insights into the characteristics and its underlying mechanism of hematopoiesis at the early stage of embryogenesis.

Transmission electron microscopic observation on gonad of Oncomelania hupensis offspring bred in Weishan Lake areas / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To observe the morphological changes in the testes and ovaries of adult 12th-generation Oncomelania hupensis bred for 12 winters in Weishan Lake areas. Methods The offspring of the adult O. hupensis snails bred in the Weishan Lake that were originated from the Yangzhou section of the Yangtze River was defined as the experiment group, while uninfected, adult O. hupensis snails captured from the marshland of the Yangzhou section of the Yangtze River served as the control group. Snails were dissected and intact testicular and ovarian specimens were sampled, routinely fixed, dehydrated, embedded, polymerized in an oven and sliced on an ultramicrotome. The sections were visualized under a transmission electron microscope, and the ultrastructure of the snail gonad was compared between the experiment and control groups. Results Transmission electron microscopy showed “9 + 2” microtubules on the transverse sections of the tails of sperm cells in the testes of male snails in the control group, with triangular acrosomes and spiral, dense nuclei seen in the tip, while in the experiment group, the “9 + 2” microtubules disappeared on the transverse sections of the tails of sperm cells in the testes of male snails, with low chromatin density found in the tip. Transmission electron microscopy revealed clear nucleolus and nuclear membranes in the ova of female snail ovaries, and displayed yolk body, liposomes and endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm, bilayer twists of nuclear membrane and a uniform nucleolus in the control group, while in the experiment group, smooth nuclear membrane and unclear nucleolus were observed in the ova of female snail ovaries, with few contents seen within cells. Conclusions Following breeding for 12 winters in the Weishan Lake, the 12th-generation O. hupensis snails fail to fully adapt to the natural environment in northern China, and the remarkable changes in the ultrastructure of the snail gonad may be a cause of gradual decline and even extinction of O. hupensis in the Weishan Lake areas.

The review of the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Mammalian reproduction is closely related to their metabolic status. The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis ( HPG axis) is regulated by various metabolic factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 ( GLP-1) is one of various metabolic factors that not only affect glycemic and metabolic control, but also with many other effects, including affecting HPA axis. The function of GLP-1 is related to the location of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor ( GLP-1R) distribution. It has been confirmed that GLP-1R is widely distributed in HPG axis. The effects of GLP-1 and GLP-1R agonists on the HPG axis have also attracted much attention. The positive effects of GLP-1 and GLP-1R agonists on the HPG axis indicated it could be the new target for the new treatment for gonadal diseases. The role of GLP-1 and GLP-1R agonists in the central nervous system is reviewed.

Effect of long-term deep slow-wave sleep deprivation on the reproductive system in male rats / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the effect of long-term deep slow-wave sleep deprivation on the gonad axis, sperm abnormality rate, and structure of the testis in male rats and possible mechanisms.@*Methods@#A total of 30 specific pathogen-free male Wistar rats aged 5 weeks were randomly divided into slow-wave sleep deprivation group 1 (SD1 group) , slow-wave sleep and sleep time deprivation group 2 (SD2 group) , and control group, with 10 rats in each group. The flower pot method was used to establish a model of sleep deprivation. In addition to 12-hour sleep deprivation at night, the rats in the SD1 group were given interference once every 24 minutes, and those in the SD2 group were deprived of sleep for 8 minutes every 24 minutes; the rats in the control group were given 12-hour light illumination and then placed in dark environment for 12 hours. All rats were sacrificed by exsanguination from the femoral artery, and the testis, the epididymis, and blood were collected for analysis. Sperm abnormality rate and sperm motility rate were measured, and cauda epididymal sperm counting was performed. ELISA was used to measure the serum levels of testosterone (T) , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) , and luteinizing hormone (LH) .@*Results@#Compared with the control group, the SD2 group had a significant increase in organ coefficient of the epididymis (P<0.05) and a significant reduction in sperm motility rate (P<0.05) . There were significant differences between the SD1 group and the SD2 group in the increase in sperm abnormality rate (P<0.05) and the reduction in cauda epididymal sperm count (P<0.05) . The levels of FSH and T tended to increase, and the level of LH tended to decrease. Pathological examination showed degeneration and vacuolization of a small amount of spermatogenic cells in the SD1 group; in the SD2 group, there were significant degeneration, edema, and vacuolization of most spermatogenic cells, some spermatogenic cells were observed in the lumen, and there were no sperms in the lumen.@*Conclusion@#Long-term deep slow-wave sleep deprivation impairs the structure of the testis, affects sperm motility rate and sex hormones, and increases the risk of sperm abnormality.

The role of PDK1 in the transition of endothelial to hematopoietic cells / 中华血液学杂志

Objective@#To explore the role of PDK1 in the transition of endothelial to hematopoietic cells and its effect on the generation and normal function of HSC.@*Methods@#PDK1 was deleted specifically in endothelial cells expressing VEC (Vascular Endothelial Cadherin). CFU-C was performed to detect the effect of PDK1 on the function of hematopoietic progenitor cells using the cells from PDK1fl/fl, PDK1fl/+ and Vec-Cre; PDK1fl/fl AGM region. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation assay was conducted to determine the effect of PDK1 on hematopoietic stem cells. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the influence of PDK1 on percentage, cell cycle and apoptosis of CD31+c-Kithigh cell population. Real-time PCR was conducted to measure the expression of transcription factors involved in process of transition from endothelial to hematopoietic cells.@*Results@#In contrast to the wild type group, the CFU from PDK1-deficient hematopoietic progenitor cells showed smaller in morphology and fewer in quantity. CFU-GM was (24±5)/ee in knockout group, and the control group was (62±1)/ee (P=0.001). PDK1 deletion severely impaired the ability to repopulate hematopoietic cells and differentiate into committed cells. hematopoietic progenitor cells from knockout group was transplanted into 5 recipients without any recipients reconstructed. However, 5 of 7 recipients were reconstructed in control group (P=0.001). The proportion of intra-vascular clusters in the AGM was decreased (the frequency of CD31+c-Kithigh in the knockout group was (0.145±0.017)%, and the control group ratio was (0.385±0.040)% (P=0.001), but not due to the inhibition of cell proliferation and/or increase of apoptosis. Further study found that the absence of endothelial PDK1 causes a decreased expression of RUNX1, P2-RUNX1, GATA2 and other important hematopoietic-related transcription factors in hemogenic cluster.@*Conclusion@#PDK1 deletion impairs the transition of endothelial cells to hematopoietic cells as well as the generation and function of HSC.

Preliminary study on changes of sex steroid hormones in periodic development of Whitmania pigra gonad / 中国中药杂志

The present study was conducted to investigate the rule of sex steroid hormones dynamic in the periodic development of Whitmania pigra gonad. The dynamic of sex steroid hormones in different age of Wh. pigra were detected by enzymolysis, extraction and UPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that the concentrations of estrone, estriol, testosterone and progesterone in the Wh. pigra showed M-type curve and peaked in 6-month-old Wh. pigra. The concentrations of above-mentioned four steroid hormones were the lowest in 9-month-old and then increased slightly. The another peaks of testosterone and progesterone were found in 2-month-old and the another peaks of estrone and estriol were obtained in 8-month-old. The concentrations of testosterone and progesterone are slightly higher than estriol during 1-month-old to 4-month-old, and thereafter strone and estriol showed higher concentration than testosterone and progesterone. In summary, the concentrations of four sex steroid hormones in Wh. pigra increased gradually with the maturation of gonads and decreased rapidly after the discharge period, which indicated that the ratio between estrogen, androgen and progesterone may be greatly related to the specificity of gonad development.

Histological study of annual cycle of gonad and germ cell development of Whitmania pigra / 中国中药杂志

The reproductive system and gonad development and germ cell occurrence of Whitmania pigra have been studied by using tissue section electron microscope techniques. W. pigra has completely independent male and female reproduction system, which lasts 11 months. The development of spermary started before the development of ovary. When egg cell is only a primordial germ cell, sperm has an initially complete form. Meanwhile, sperm cells and egg cells orderly development and synchronously mature. According to the development of sperm cells and egg cells, the development of cycle of the spermary could be divided into 6 stages: proliferating stage (1-3 months of age), growing stage (4-5 months of age), resting stage (6-8 months of age), maturing stage (9 months of age), spawning stage (10 months of age) and degradation stage (11 months of age). The development of cycle of the ovary could be divided into 6 stages: forming stage (1-2 months of age), proliferating stage (3-4 months of age), growing stage (5-8 months of age), maturing stage (9 months of age), spawning stage (10 months of age) and resting stage (11 months of age). W. pigra is a synchronous hermaphrodite animal, the development of cycle of the spermary and ovary each has six stages, sperm cells and egg cells orderly development and synchronously mature.

Estimación y variabilidad temporal de talla de madurez gonadal de la caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanus) en el litoral peruano / Estimation and temporal variability in size at gonad maturity of Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus peruanus) in the Peruvian littoral

Se estimaron valores de la talla de madurez gonadal (L50) de la caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanus) para los años 1994 - 2017 en el litoral peruano. El análisis se realizó para el periodo noviembre - marzo donde ocurre la mayor actividad reproductiva. La proporción de hembras maduras en relación a la talla se ajustó mediante un modelo logístico binomial, para ello se utilizaron modelos lineales generalizados con efectos mixtos (MLGM) que asumieron efectos aleatorios asociados a los periodos. El ajuste con el MLGM, mediante sus efectos fjos estimó una L50 de 24.8 cm de longitud a la horquilla (LH) (24.69 cm - 24.9 cm), mientras que con cambios entre periodos, mediante sus efectos aleatorios, los valores oscilaron entre 20.4 cm y 27.0 cm de LH en promedio. Se observó que un aumento en la temperatura causó la disminución de la L50 en los periodos 1997 - 1999 y 2015 - 2016, los cuales coinciden con la presencia de eventos El Niño. Una correlación positiva fue encontrada entre las L50 y la biomasa desovante, estos cambios en las L50 podrían indicar un efecto de denso-dependencia. No se mostró una tendencia en la serie de L50, por tanto no habría un efecto de la presión de pesca, traducida como la tasa instantánea de mortalidad por pesca (F) sobre la L50. Sin embargo, creemos que estas disminuciones de la L50, en relación a una baja densidad poblacional y principalmente a un incremento en la F deben darse como un efecto a largo plazo y no en eventos puntuales como se reflejaron en nuestros resultados.

The values of size-at-gonad maturity (L50) of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus peruanus) were estimated for the years 1994 - 2017 in the Peruvian littoral. The analysis was performed for the period November - March where the highest reproductive activity occurs. The proportion of mature females was ftted using a logistic binary model, through generalized linear mixed models (MLGM), which assumes random effects associated with the periods. The GLMM, with fixed effects estimated a L50 of 24.8 cm of fork length (FL) (24.69 cm - 24.9 cm), while with changes between periods, with random effects, L50 ranged between 20.4 cm and 27.0 cm FL. It was observed that an increase in temperature caused the decrease of the L50 in the years 1997 - 1999 and 2015 - 2016, which coincides with El Niño events. A positive correlation was found between the L50 and spawning biomass, so changes in L50 may be a density-dependent effect. There was no trend in the L50 series, so there would be no effect of the fishing mortality (F) on the L50. However, we think that the decrease in the L50 in relation to a low population density and mainly an increase in F should be given as a long-term effect and not in isolated events as our results showed.

Ovarian radiographic and direct measurements of Japanese Quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) submitted to light restriction / Medidas ovarianas radiográficas e diretas de codorna-japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submetida à restrição luminosa

Often, in pet birds, any stimulus to lay eggs is unwanted in order to reduce reproductive diseases and disorders. The objectives of this study were: to determine the time necessary to promote ovary involution after an eight hour photoperiod using laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica); to connect the ovarian radiographic measurements with egg production; and to compare these measurements with direct ovary data obtained at necropsy. Birds were separated into three groups: 12h/24d (control group - 12h photoperiod for 24 days), 8h/24d and 8h/36d (8h photoperiod for 24 and 36 days). After euthanasia, all cadavers were x-rayed to measure ovary length and height. Birds were necropsied to measure ovarian length and weight. Results: radiographic ovary length demonstrated strong and positive correlation (r=0.96) with direct ovary length of all three groups; laying quails showed higher ovary height (p=0.025) and length (p=0.009) than non-laying quails; eight hours of artificial light per day promotes ovary length (p=0.025) and weight (p=0.009) reduction. Conclusions: radiography can estimate the ovary measure and indicate posture; an eight hour photoperiod of 24 days is not enough to promote ovarian regression, while the use of reduced photoperiod for 36 days promotes significant ovary involution.(AU)

Em aves de estimação, geralmente se opta pela redução de estímulos para a postura de ovos visando reduzir a ocorrência de doenças e alterações reprodutivas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: determinar o tempo necessário para a involução ovariana após um fotoperíodo de oito horas de iluminação usando codornas-japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) na fase de postura; relacionar as medidas radiográficas com a postura de ovos; e comparar estas com as medidas diretas obtidas à necropsia. As aves foram divididas em três grupos: 12h/24d (controle - fotoperíodo de 12 horas por 24 dias), 08h/24d e 08h/36d (fotoperíodo de oito horas por 24 e 36 dias). Após a eutanásia, os cadáveres foram radiografados para mensuração do comprimento e da altura do ovário. Foi efetuada a necropsia para aferição das medidas e pesagem dos ovários. Os resultados mostraram que: o comprimento ovariano obtido por meio de imagem radiográfica apresentou forte correlação positiva (r=0,96) com o comprimento direto do ovário das aves dos três grupos; as aves em período de postura apresentaram maiores medidas de altura do ovário (P=0,025) e comprimentos ovarianos (P=0,009) do que as aves fora de postura; a restrição de luminosidade com oito horas diárias de luz artificial promoveu redução do comprimento ovariano (P=0,025) e da massa ovariana (P=0,009). Conclusões: a radiografia pode estimar a medida do ovário e indicar postura; um fotoperíodo de oito horas de luz por 24 dias não é satisfatório para obter uma regressão ovariana, enquanto 36 dias com o fotoperíodo reduzido promovem uma significativa redução ovariana.(AU)

Effect of Intermittent Feeding on Gonadal Function in Male And Female NMRI Mice During Chronic Stress

ABSTRACT Stress can inhibit gonadal activity via Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad (HPG) axis activity suppression. In the present study, effects of intermittent feeding (IF) on gonadal function under stress in male and female mice were evaluated. Twenty eight male and twenty eight female mice's were divided into four groups. The control group received adequate food and water without stress. The second group received four days of electric shock without food deprivation. The third group was deprived of food two hours/day for a week, and the fourth group was deprived of food (2 hours/day for seven consecutive days) and then electric foot shock stress was applied to them for four days. Blood samples were collected from all animals for plasma testosterone, estrogen and/or Interlukin-6 (IL-6) evaluation. The animals' gonads were also removed and fixed for the measure of their weight. Results showed that stress reduces both testosterone and estrogen levels, whereas IF did not change the hormone levels. In addition, stress increases blood IL-6 concentration. The combination of IF and stress, increased the hormone levels in animals. Stress and IF alone had no significant effect on gonadal weight in the male mice, whereas stress decreased gonadal weight in the females. Combination of stress with IF increased gonadal weight in both male and female mice. In conclusion stress showed a negative effect on gonadal function in both animals with more effect on females. Intermittent feeding inhibits the stress effect and even promotes the gonadal function in both sexes. The effect may be due to IL-6 reduction.

Risk and protection of fertility in male cancer patients / 中华男科学杂志

Gonad damage is one of the major complications of chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery in male cancer patients. For those who wish for childbearing after treatment, it is of great significance how to protect the reproductive function of the cancer patients. The main strategy for fertility protection is to optimize the treatment protocol, hormone therapy, antioxidant therapy, and the preservation of sperm and testicular tissue. This article presents an overview on the pathogenesis of gonadal damage induced by different treatments and protection of the reproductive function of the patient.

Immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptor in the embryonic gonad of male quail embryo during gonadal differentiation / Localización inmunohistoquímica del receptor de estrógeno en la gónada embrionaria en el embrión de codorniz macho durante la diferenciación gonadal

In birds, male embryo the gonads develop bilateral testes, in which both left and right sides produce functional spermatozoa, whereas female embryo, only the left gonad develops into a functional ovary. Estrogen plays a key role in avian sex determination in both sexes by binding to the estrogen receptor (ER). Surprisingly, chicken estrogen receptor (cER) mRNA is expressed in both sexes; moreover; its expression is only expressed in the left male gonad. The present study aimed to localize ER protein in the left gonad of male quail embryo using immunohistochemistry. The 8-day-old male quail embryos whose embryonic sex distinguished by gonadal morphology were studied. Histology of the left male gonad displayed thin cortex containing 1 to 2 layers of the germinal epithelium, while testicular cords were observed in the medulla. ER-immunoreactive cells were only found in the germinal epithelium but not in the medulla. Localization of ER was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the germinal epithelial cells. The number of ER-immunoreactive cells counted in upper, lateral, and lower regions of the germinal epithelium was 18.20±1.892, 17.60±1.887, and 16.20±1.290, respectively. This study shows the first evidence for expression of ER protein in the left male gonad of the avian embryo, indicating that ER plays a role in avian gonadal sex differentiation.

En las aves, la gónada embrionaria en los machos se desarrolla bilateralmente, ambos testículos producen espermatozoides funcionales, mientras que en el embrión hembra, sólo la gónada izquierda se convierte en un ovario funcional. El estrógeno juega un papel clave en la determinación del sexo aviar, en ambos sexos, mediante la unión al receptor de estrógeno (RE). Fuertemente los receptores de estrógenos de pollo (cRE) el ARNm se expresan en ambos sexos; además, su expresión sólo se produce en la gónada izquierda del macho. El objetivo fue localizar proteínas del RE en la gónada izquierda de embriones de codorniz macho mediante inmunohistoquímica. Se estudiaron embriones de codorniz machos a los 8 días de edad, cuyo sexo embrionario se distinguió por la morfología de las gónadas. La histología de la gónada izquierda estuvo representada por la corteza delgada que contiene de 1 a 2 capas del epitelio germinal, mientras que se observaron cordones testiculares en la médula. El RE se encontró en células inmunorreactivas del epitelio germinal, pero no en la médula. Se detectó la localización de RE en el núcleo y el citoplasma de las células epiteliales germinales. El número de células RE-inmunorreactivas en las regiones superior, lateral e inferior del epitelio germinal fue de 18,20±1,892, 17,60±1,887 y 16,20±1,290, respectivamente. Este estudio muestra la primera evidencia de expresión de la proteína de RE en la gónada izquierda del embrión aviar macho, lo que indica que el RE desempeña un papel en la diferenciación sexual de la gónada aviar.

17,20 beta-P and cortisol are the main in vitro metabolites of 17-hydroxy-progesterone produced by spermiating testes of Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) (Perciformes Sciaenidae)

The aim was to investigate the major C21 steroids produced by spermiating white croaker Micropogonias furnieri (Sciaenidae) in order to establish the potential mediator of gamete maturation in males of this species. The testes steroid production at the spawning season was identified incubating the 3H-17-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione precursor through thin layer chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, enzymatic oxydation, acetylation and immunochemistry analyses. 17,20β-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-P) and 11β,17,21-Trihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (cortisol) were the main metabolites produced. Contrary to what we expected, 17,20β,21-Trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one was not detected. Circulating levels of 17,20β-P were undetectable in immature testes and in those at the first spermatogenesis stages, while a clear increase was observed during the whole spermatogenesis and spermiation phases (from undetectable to 1047 pg mL-1). In vitro studies together with plasma detection suggest that 17,20β-P is a good steroid candidate involved in M. furnieri testes maturation. The role of cortisol during late phases of testes development needs further studies.

El objetivo fue investigar cuales eran los esteroides C21 más importantes producidos por los testículos en espermiación de la corvina blanca Micropogonias furnieri (Sciaenidae) para poder identificar los potenciales mediadores de la maduración gamética de los machos de esta especie. Los esteroides producidos por los testículos en espermiación fueron identificados después de su incubación con el precursor 3H-17-hidroxi-4-pregnene-3,20-diona a través de cromatografía de capa fina y cromatografía líquida de alta presión y posteriormente por oxidación enzimática, acetilación e inmunoquímica. Los principales metabolitos producidos por los testículos en espermiación fueron la 17,20β-Dihidroxi-4-pregnen-3-ona (17,20β-P) y la 11β,17,21-Trihidroxi-4-pregnene-3,20-diona (cortisol). Contrariamente a lo esperado, no se encontró el derivado tri-hidroxilado de la progesterona llamado 17,20β,21-Trihidroxi-4-pregnen-3-ona. Los niveles circulantes de 17,20β-P fueron no detectable en los testículos inmaduros y en aquellos en inicios de espermatogénesis, mientras que un aumento claro en las concentraciones circulantes fue detectada en corvinas en plena espermatogénesis y en espermiación (desde no detectable a 1047 pg mL-1). Los resultados obtenidos in vitrojunto a los cambios a nivel plasmático sugieren que la 17,20β-P es un buen candidato a proponer como esteroide involucrado en la regulación del proceso de maduración testicular de la corvina. La función del cortisol a nivel testicular debería ser mejor estudiada en las etapas finales del desarrollo testicular de esta especie.